Spatial-Temporal Changes in Water Supply and Demand in the Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia Using a Geospatial Approach

Balancing water supply demand is vital for sustaining livelihoods. Spatial mapping and calculating yield dynamics due to land use changes over decades are needed manage resources formulate ecological protection policies. This study mapped the supply, demand, matching status of product service using Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Service Tradeoff (InVEST) biophysical models in Citarum Watershed (CW) 2000, 2010, 2020. Moreover, this used Exploratory Data Analysis (ESDA) Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques agglomeration characteristics evolutionary trajectories supply–demand two decades. The results showed that between 2000–2010 2010–2020, decreased by 19.01 × 108 m3 (18.28%) 12.97 (15.27%), respectively. However, same period increased 6.17 (23%) 15.74 (47%), Over decades, contribution cover (LULC) variations has yielded values ranging from 2.87% 6.37%. analysis imbalance indicated entire CW experienced shortage, type spatial dominated a high class (16.09% total area). Based on level deficit calculation, upstream downstream areas were identified as zones require conservation, while middle area requires restoration or improvement.